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Wikipedia: The Marca Hispanica (or Spanish March, also March of Barcelona) was a buffer zone beyond the province of Septimania, created by Charlemagne in 795 as a defensive barrier between the Umayyad Moors of Al-Andalus and the Frankish Kingdom. In its broader meaning, Marca Hispanica refers to a group of early Iberian lordships or counts created by the Franks, of which Andorra is the sole autonomous survivor. As time passed, these lordships merged or gained independence from Frankish imperial rule.
![[By the second half of the ninth century, three political subdivisions existed in the eastern Pyrenees: Toulouse ,...]](http://images.ookaboo.com/photo/s/Eastern_Pyrenees_under_the_Carolingians_s.jpg "By the second half of the ninth century, three political subdivisions existed in the eastern Pyrenees: Toulouse ,...")
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 from Srnec |
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